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WP_Query è una classe definita in wp-includes/query.php che gestisce le complesse operazioni di richieste di articoli (o pagine) di un blog WordPress. Con wp-blog-header.php (o la classe WP nella Version 2.0) si forniscono all'oggetto $wp_query le informazioni che definiscono la richiesta corrente, quindi $wp_query determina il tipo di query con cui ha a che fare (probabilmente un archivio di categoria, un archivio per data, un feed o una ricerca) e recupera gli articoli richiesti. Con la richiesta vengono mantenute molte altre informazioni che potranno essere recuperate successivamente.
Most of the time you can find the information you want without actually dealing with the class internals and globals variables. There are a whole bunch of functions that you can call from anywhere that will enable you to get the information you need.
There are two main scenarios you might want to use WP_Query in. The first is to find out what type of request WordPress is currently dealing with. The $is_* properties are designed to hold this information: use the Conditional Tags to interact here. This is the more common scenario to plugin writers (the second normally applies to theme writers).
The second is during The Loop. WP_Query provides numerous functions for common tasks within The Loop. To begin with, have_posts(), which calls $wp_query->have_posts(), is called to see if there are any posts to show. If there are, a while loop is begun, using have_posts() as the condition. This will iterate around as long as there are posts to show. In each iteration, the_post(), which calls $wp_query->the_post() is called, setting up internal variables within $wp_query and the global $post variable (which the Template Tags rely on), as above. These are the functions you should use when writing a theme file that needs a loop. See also The Loop and The Loop in Action for more information.
Note: If you use the_post() with your query, you need to run wp_reset_postdata() afterwards to have Template Tags use the main query's current post again.
<?php // The Query $the_query = new WP_Query( $args ); // The Loop while ( $the_query->have_posts() ) : $the_query->the_post(); echo '<li>' . get_the_title() . '</li>'; endwhile; // Restore original Query & Post Data wp_reset_query(); wp_reset_postdata(); /* The 2nd Query (without global var) */ $query2 = new WP_Query( $args2 ); // The 2nd Loop while( $query2->have_posts() ): $query2->next_post(); echo '<li>' . get_the_title( $query2->post->ID ) . '</li>'; endwhile; // Restore original Query & Post Data wp_reset_query(); wp_reset_postdata(); ?>
This is the formal documentation of WP_Query. You shouldn't alter the properties directly, but instead use the methods to interact with them. Also see Interacting with WP_Query for some useful functions that avoid the need to mess around with class internals and global variables.
(An ampersand (&) before a method name indicates it returns by reference.)
Show posts associated with certain author.
Show Posts for one Author
Display posts by author, using author id:
$query = new WP_Query( 'author=123' );
Display posts by author, using author 'user_nicename':
$query = new WP_Query( 'author_name=rami' );
Show Posts From Several Authors
Display posts from several specific authors:
$query = new WP_Query( 'author=2,6,17,38' );
Exclude Posts Belonging to an Author
Display all posts except those from an author(singular) by prefixing its id with a '-' (minus) sign:
$query = new WP_Query( 'author=-12' );
Show posts associated with certain categories.
Show Posts for One Category
Display posts that have this category (and any children of that category), using category id:
$query = new WP_Query( 'cat=4' );
Display posts that have this category (and any children of that category), using category slug:
$query = new WP_Query( 'category_name=staff' );
Show Posts From Several Categories
Display posts that have these categories, using category id:
$query = new WP_Query( 'cat=2,6,17,38' );
Display posts that have these categories, using category slug:
$query = new WP_Query( 'category_name=staff,news' );
Exclude Posts Belonging to Category
Display all posts except those from a category by prefixing its id with a '-' (minus) sign.
$query = new WP_Query( 'cat=-12,-34,-56' );
Multiple Category Handling
Display posts that are in multiple categories. This shows posts that are in both categories 2 and 6:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'category__and' => array( 2, 6 ) ) );
To display posts from either category 2 OR 6, you could use cat as mentioned above, or by using category__in (note this does not show posts from any children of these categories):
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'category__in' => array( 2, 6 ) ) );
You can also exclude multiple categories this way:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'category__not_in' => array( 2, 6 ) ) );
Show posts associated with certain tags.
Show Posts for One Tag
Display posts that have this tag, using tag slug:
$query = new WP_Query( 'tag=cooking' );
Display posts that have this tag, using tag id:
$query = new WP_Query( 'tag_id=13' );
Show Posts From Several Tags
Display posts that have "either" of these tags:
$query = new WP_Query( 'tag=bread,baking' );
Display posts that have "all" of these tags:
$query = new WP_Query( 'tag=bread+baking+recipe' );
Multiple Tag Handling
Display posts that are tagged with both tag id 37 and tag id 47:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'tag__and' => array( 37, 47 ) ) );
To display posts from either tag id 37 or 47, you could use tag as mentioned above, or explicitly specify by using tag__in:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'tag__in' => array( 37, 47 ) ) );
Display posts that do not have any of the two tag ids 37 and 47:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'tag__not_in' => array( 37, 47 ) ) );
The tag_slug__in and tag_slug__and behave much the same, except match against the tag's slug.
Show posts associated with certain taxonomy.
Important Note: tax_query takes an array of tax query arguments arrays (it takes an array of arrays) - you can see this in the second example below. This construct allows you to query multiple taxonomies by using the relation parameter in the first (outer) array to describe the boolean relationship between the taxonomy queries.
As of 3.5, a bug was fixed where tax_query would inadvertently return all posts when a result was empty.
Simple Taxonomy Query:
Display posts tagged with bob, under people custom taxonomy:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'posts', 'people' => 'bob' ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Display posts tagged with bob, under people custom taxonomy, using tax_query:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'posts', 'tax_query' => array( array( 'taxonomy' => 'people', 'field' => 'slug', 'terms' => 'bob' ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Multiple Taxonomy Handling:
Display posts from several custom taxonomies:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'posts', 'people' => 'bob', 'language' => 'english' ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Display posts from several custom taxonomies, using tax_query:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'posts', 'tax_query' => array( 'relation' => 'AND', array( 'taxonomy' => 'movie_genre', 'field' => 'slug', 'terms' => array( 'action', 'comedy' ) ), array( 'taxonomy' => 'actor', 'field' => 'id', 'terms' => array( 103, 115, 206 ), 'operator' => 'NOT IN' ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Display posts that are in the quotes category OR have the quote format:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'posts', 'tax_query' => array( 'relation' => 'OR', array( 'taxonomy' => 'category', 'field' => 'slug', 'terms' => array( 'quotes' ) ), array( 'taxonomy' => 'post_format', 'field' => 'slug', 'terms' => array( 'post-format-quote' ) ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Show posts based on a keyword search.
Show Posts based on a keyword search
Display posts that match the search term "keyword":
$query = new WP_Query( 's=keyword' );
Display content based on post and page parameters.
Show Post/Page by ID
Display post by ID:
$query = new WP_Query( 'p=7' );
Display page by ID:
$query = new WP_Query( 'page_id=7' );
Show Post/Page by Slug
Display post by slug:
$query = new WP_Query( 'name=about-my-life' );
Display page by slug:
$query = new WP_Query( 'pagename=contact' );
Show Child Posts/Pages
Display child page using the slug of the parent and the child page, separated by a slash (e.g. 'parent_slug/child_slug'):
$query = new WP_Query( 'pagename=contact_us/canada' );
Display child pages using parent page ID:
$query = new WP_Query( 'post_parent=93' );
Display only top-level pages, exclude all child pages:
$query = new WP_Query( 'post_parent=0' );
Multiple Posts/Pages Handling
Display only the specific posts:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'page', 'post__in' => array( 2, 5, 12, 14, 20 ) ) );
Display all posts but NOT the specified ones:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'post', 'post__not_in' => array( 2, 5, 12, 14, 20 ) ) );
Note: you cannot combine 'post__in' and 'post__not_in' in the same query.
Show posts associated with certain type.
Show Post by Type
Display only pages:
$query = new WP_Query( 'post_type=page' );
Display 'any' post type (retrieves any type except revisions and types with 'exclude_from_search' set to TRUE):
$query = new WP_Query( 'post_type=any' );
Display multiple post types, including custom post types:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => array( 'post', 'page', 'movie', 'book' ) ) );
Show posts associated with certain status.
Show Post by Status
Display only drafts:
$query = new WP_Query( 'post_status=draft' );
Display multiple post status:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_status' => array( 'pending', 'draft', 'future' ) ) );
Display all attachments:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_status' => 'any', 'post_type' => 'attachment' ) );
Show x Posts per page
Display 3 posts per page:
$query = new WP_Query( 'posts_per_page=3' );
Show All Post
Display all posts in one page:
$query = new WP_Query( 'posts_per_page=-1' );
Display all posts by disabling pagination:
$query = new WP_Query( 'nopaging=true' );
Pass over Posts
Display posts from the 4th one:
$query = new WP_Query( 'offset=3' ) );
Display 5 posts per page which follow the 3 most recent posts:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'posts_per_page' => 5, 'offset' => 3 ) );
Show Posts from page x
Display posts from page number 6:
$query = new WP_Query( 'paged=6' );
Show Posts from Current Page
Display posts from current page:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'paged' => get_query_var( 'paged' ) ) );
Display posts from the current page and set the 'paged' parameter to 1 when the query variable is not set (first page).
$paged = (get_query_var('paged')) ? get_query_var('paged') : 1;
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'paged' => $paged ) );
Pagination Note: Use get_query_var('page'); if you want your query to work in a Page template that you've set as your static front page. The query variable 'page' also holds the pagenumber for a single paginated Post or Page that includes the <!--nextpage--> Quicktag in the post content.
Display posts from current page on a static front page:
$paged = (get_query_var('page')) ? get_query_var('page') : 1;
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'paged' => $paged ) );
Sort retrieved posts.
Show Posts sorted by Title, Descending order
Display posts sorted by post title in a descending order:
$query = new WP_Query( array ( 'orderby' => 'title', 'order' => 'DESC' ) );
Show Random Post
Display one random post:
$query = new WP_Query( array ( 'orderby' => 'rand', 'posts_per_page' => '1' ) );
Show Popular Posts
Display posts ordered by comment count:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'orderby' => 'comment_count' ) );
Show Products sorted by Price
Display posts with 'Product' type ordered by 'Price' custom field:
$query = new WP_Query( array ( 'post_type' => 'product', 'orderby' => 'meta_value', 'meta_key' => 'price' ) );
Multiple 'orderby' values
Display pages ordered by 'title' and 'menu_order'. (title is dominant):
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'page', 'orderby' => 'title menu_order', 'order' => 'ASC' ) );
'orderby' with 'meta_value' and custom post type
Display posts of type 'my_custom_post_type', ordered by 'age', and filtered to show only ages 3 and 4 (using meta_query).
$args = array(
'post_type' => 'my_custom_post_type',
'meta_key' => 'age',
'orderby' => 'meta_value_num',
'order' => 'ASC',
'meta_query' => array(
array(
'key' => 'age',
'value' => array(3, 4),
'compare' => 'IN',
)
)
);
$query = new WP_Query($args);
Show Sticky Posts or ignore them.
Show Sticky Posts
Display just the first sticky post:
$sticky = get_option( 'sticky_posts' ); $query = new WP_Query( 'p=' . $sticky[0] );
Display just the first sticky post, if none return the last post published:
$args = array( 'posts_per_page' => 1, 'post__in' => get_option( 'sticky_posts' ), 'ignore_sticky_posts' => 1 ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Display just the first sticky post, if none return nothing:
$sticky = get_option( 'sticky_posts' );
$args = array(
'posts_per_page' => 1,
'post__in' => $sticky,
'ignore_sticky_posts' => 1
);
$query = new WP_Query( $args );
if ( $sticky[0] ) {
// insert here your stuff...
}
Don't Show Sticky Posts
Exclude all sticky posts from the query:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post__not_in' => get_option( 'sticky_posts' ) ) );
Exclude sticky posts from a category. Return ALL posts within the category, but don't show sticky posts at the top. The 'sticky posts' will still show in their natural position (e.g. by date):
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'ignore_sticky_posts' => 1, 'posts_per_page' => 3, 'cat' => 6 );
Exclude sticky posts from a category. Return posts within the category, but exclude sticky posts completely, and adhere to paging rules:
$paged = get_query_var( 'paged' ) ? get_query_var( 'paged' ) : 1; $sticky = get_option( 'sticky_posts' ); $args = array( 'cat' => 3, 'ignore_sticky_posts' => 1, 'post__not_in' => $sticky, 'paged' => $paged ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Show posts associated with a certain time period.
Returns posts for just the current date:
$today = getdate(); $query = new WP_Query( 'year=' . $today["year"] . '&monthnum=' . $today["mon"] . '&day=' . $today["mday"] );
Returns posts for just the current week:
$week = date('W');
$year = date('Y');
$query = new WP_Query( 'year=' . $year . '&w=' . $week );
Returns posts dated December 20:
$query = new WP_Query( 'monthnum=12&day=20' );
Note: The queries above return posts for a specific date period in history, i.e. "Posts from X year, X month, X day". They are unable to fetch posts from a timespan relative to the present, so queries like "Posts from the last 30 days" or "Posts from the last year" are not possible with a basic query, and require use of the posts_where filter to be completed. The examples below use the posts_where filter, and should be modifyable for most time-relative queries.
Return posts for March 1 to March 15, 2010:
// Create a new filtering function that will add our where clause to the query
function filter_where( $where = '' ) {
// posts for March 1 to March 15, 2010
$where .= " AND post_date >= '2010-03-01' AND post_date < '2010-03-16'";
return $where;
}
add_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
$query = new WP_Query( $query_string );
remove_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
Return posts from the last 30 days:
// Create a new filtering function that will add our where clause to the query
function filter_where( $where = '' ) {
// posts in the last 30 days
$where .= " AND post_date > '" . date('Y-m-d', strtotime('-30 days')) . "'";
return $where;
}
add_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
$query = new WP_Query( $query_string );
remove_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
Return posts 30 to 60 days old
// Create a new filtering function that will add our where clause to the query
function filter_where( $where = '' ) {
// posts 30 to 60 days old
$where .= " AND post_date >= '" . date('Y-m-d', strtotime('-60 days')) . "'" . " AND post_date <= '" . date('Y-m-d', strtotime('-30 days')) . "'";
return $where;
}
add_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
$query = new WP_Query( $query_string );
remove_filter( 'posts_where', 'filter_where' );
Show posts associated with a certain custom field.
The 'type' DATE works with the 'compare' value BETWEEN only if the date is stored at the format YYYYMMDD and tested with this format.
Simple Custom Field Query:
Display posts where the custom field key is 'color', regardless of the custom field value:
$query = new WP_Query( 'meta_key=color' );
Display posts where the custom field value is 'blue', regardless of the custom field key:
$query = new WP_Query( 'meta_value=blue' );
Display Page where the custom field value is 'blue', regardless of the custom field key:
$query = new WP_Query( 'meta_value=blue&post_type=page' );
Display posts where the custom field key is 'color' and the custom field value is 'blue':
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'meta_key' => 'color', 'meta_value' => 'blue' ) );
Display posts where the custom field key is 'color' and the custom field value IS NOT 'blue':
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'meta_key' => 'color', 'meta_value' => 'blue', 'meta_compare' => '!=' ) );
Display 'product'(s) where the custom field key is 'price' and the custom field value that is LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 22.
By using the 'meta_value' parameter the value 99 will be considered greater than 100 as the data are stored as 'strings', not 'numbers'. For number comparison use 'meta_value_num'.
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'meta_key' => 'price', 'meta_value' => '22', 'meta_compare' => '<=', 'post_type' => 'product' ) );
Display posts with a custom field value of zero (0), regardless of the custom field key:
$query = new WP_Query( array ( 'meta_value' => '_wp_zero_value' ) );
Single Custom Field Handling:
Display posts from a single custom field:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'product', 'meta_query' => array( array( 'key' => 'color', 'value' => 'blue', 'compare' => 'NOT LIKE' ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
(Note that meta_query expects nested arrays, even if you only have one query.)
Multiple Custom Field Handling:
Display posts from several custom field:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'product', 'meta_query' => array( array( 'key' => 'color', 'value' => 'blue', 'compare' => 'NOT LIKE' ), array( 'key' => 'price', 'value' => array( 20, 100 ), 'type' => 'numeric', 'compare' => 'BETWEEN' ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Display posts that have meta key 'color' NOT LIKE value 'blue' OR meta key 'price' with values BETWEEN 20 and 100:
$args = array( 'post_type' => 'product', 'meta_query' => array( 'relation' => 'OR', array( 'key' => 'color', 'value' => 'blue', 'compare' => 'NOT LIKE' ), array( 'key' => 'price', 'value' => array( 20, 100 ), 'type' => 'numeric', 'compare' => 'BETWEEN' ) ) ); $query = new WP_Query( $args );
Show posts if user has the appropriate capability:
Display published and private posts, if the user has the appropriate capability:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_status' => array( 'publish', 'private' ), 'perm' => 'readable' ) );
Stop the data retrieved from being added to the cache.
Show Posts witout adding post information to the cache
Display 50 posts, but don't add post information to the cache:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'posts_per_page' => 50, 'cache_results' => false ) );
Show Posts witout adding post meta information to the cache
Display 50 posts, but don't add post meta information to the cache:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'posts_per_page' => 50, 'update_post_meta_cache' => false ) );
Show Posts witout adding post term information to the cache
Display 50 posts, but don't add post term information to the cache:
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'posts_per_page' => 50, 'update_post_term_cache' => false ) );
In general usage you should not need to use these, adding to the cache is the right thing to do, however they may be useful in specific circumstances. An example of such circumstances might be when using a WP_Query to retrieve a list of post titles and URLs to be displayed, but in which no other information about the post will be used and the taxonomy and meta data won't be needed. By not loading this information, you can save time from the extra unnecessary SQL queries.
Note: If a persistent object cache backend (such as memcached) is used, these flags are set to false by default since there is no need to update the cache every page load when a persistent cache exists.
Set return values.
Note, that there are more filters than the mentioned. As it is hard to keep the codex up to date, please inspect the get_posts(); function inside the WP_Query class yourself (/wp-includes/query.php).
WP_Query() si trova in wp-includes/query.php.
