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Layout and Styles

I am having trouble with my CSS so where can I find help?

The following are articles that will help you troubleshoot and solve many of your CSS problems:

How can I choose different styles or colours for my comments?

There are a variety of WordPress Plugins that change the look, layout, and colors of your comments and comment form. Look for various Comments Plugins in the Official WordPress Plugin Directory.

How do I change the size of the popup comments window?

To change the look of the Popup Comments window in WordPress version 1.5, make changes to the comment-functions.php file where it shows the following line: function comments_popup_script($width=400, $height=400, $file=) {.

To change the look of the Popup Comments window in WordPress version 1.2.1 Mingus, make the following change to the template-functions-comment.php on line 50:

function comments_popup_script($width=400, $height=400, 
$file='wp-comments-popup.php')

You can also change Line 81 of wp-comments-popup.php to alter the textarea size for people entering comments.

Where can I find some other Themes and templates to use for styling my site?

How can I get my links to open in a new window?

Opening links in a new window is considered bad form in today's web as it has been abused. Yet, it still serves a purpose for demonstration sites that require more than one window open at a time. This method will work for those links that you enter into the body of a post.

After entering the link using the Quicktags button for "link", add target="_blank" to the individual*- link you want to have open in a new window when clicked. Consider adding text indicating that this link will open a new window, as required by web accessibility standards.

<a href="http://example.com/page.php" 
title="Page Title - opens in new window" target="_blank">
Page Title (Opens in new window)</a>

Is there a tool to encode HTML entities and tags so I can display code on my site?

The article Writing Code in Your Posts will help you write programming code and code examples in your posts. The Encode tool will convert your HTML/XHTML code into a form that can be displayed on your blog without it being treated as HTML by browsers.

There are also WordPress [Plugins] and other tools available to help integrate this process into your site if you use it frequently to display code.

How do I do a dropcaps on the first letter of a post?

DropCaps is the name for the effect where the first letter of the first paragraph in an article drops below the line of text, and is displayed in a larger font-size than the other normal letters.

This can be done using BBCode quicktags. First, add this to your style sheet:

 #fp:first-letter {
 font-size : 300%;
 font-weight : bold;
 float : left;
 margin-right: 3px;
 }

then add following code to file /wp-includes/js/quicktags.js and put them among edButtons:

 edButtons[edButtons.length] =
 new edButton('ed_capdrop'
 ,'CapDrop'
 ,'<p id="fp">'
 ,'</p>'
 ,'c'
 );

You will now see a CapDrop quicktag in your edit window.

Onde devo procurar para obter mais informações sobre CSS?

Ver CSS

Text and Content Display

How do I show only the titles of articles on the site homepage?

To show only the title of posts on the site homepage, using the WordPress Default theme as an example, in the wp-content/themes/default/index.php file you will find code similar to this:

<h2><a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title_attribute(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
<small><?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?> <!-- by <?php the_author() ?> --></small>

<div class="entry">
<?php the_content('Read the rest of this entry »'); ?>
</div>

So, in this case, you would replace:

<?php the_content('Read the rest of this entry »'); ?>

with something like:

<?php
if (is_single()) {
the_content('Read the rest of this entry »');
}
else {//no content, nothing.
}
?>

This will cause only the post title to display on your homepage, but show the post content on the individual posts page. Note if your theme uses another template, such as single.php, to display individual posts, then this change may not affect your individual post pages.

How do I show an excerpt, teaser, or summary, for an article on the site homepage?

A teaser should not be confused with the excerpt. A teaser refers to the first few sentences or paragraphs of a post. When typing a long post, you can insert the  Quicktag after a few sentences, and that acts as a cut-off point for the teaser. When the post is displayed on a home page, category page, or an archive page, the teaser is displayed, followed by a hyperlink (such as Read the rest of this entry...). Visitors can click on that link to see the full version of your post.

Note that some Themes may not support the more ability. Additional information on how to present the more can be found in the the_content() and Customizing the Read More articles.

As stated before, the teaser (the more) feature should not be confused with the Excerpt field that is completed when writing or editing a post. The Template Tag, the_excerpt(), can be used to display the post's excerpt field.

The excerpt you enter when writing a post will not be displayed on your site unless the_excerpt() template tag is specified in your theme. Also, if you choose the "Summary" option For each article in a feed in Administration > Settings > Reading, the excerpt will be used for feeds.

How do I show a summary rather than the full content of posts?

Here's two possible ways to show a summary, rather than full content of posts on a site main page:

Use the Quicktag  in your posts, and it will display the text of the post up to that point, and then provide a link, such as "Continue reading...", to allow the reader to see the complete post. The article, Customizing the Read More, discusses changing the text (e.g. Continue reading...) of the link.
Change your theme's index.php Template to use the Template Tag, the_excerpt(), instead of the_content().

How do I customise the text shown in "(more.....)" on my site?

See Customizing the Read More

How do I use the blogroll links rating feature to display the ratings?

Go to the Links Panel.
Click on the Link you wish to feature in your blogroll.
Scroll to the bottom to Advanced and select the rating number for that site. The dropdown menu permits a rating of 0 - 10.

To get your link ratings to display, you may need to edit your Theme. See the documentation for the wp_list_bookmarks() or get_links() Template Tags for more information.

Images and Graphics

How to add a favicon to your site

To add a favicon to your site in WordPress 2.0 or later, place your favicon.ico file inside your theme folder (for example: wp-content/themes/default/) then add this line to header.php:

<link rel="shortcut icon" href="<?php bloginfo('template_directory'); ?>/favicon.ico" />

Be sure to add it somewhere within the <head></head> section.

See Creating and Installing a Favicon for more detailed instructions.

Where can I get some buttons for my site?

Buttons are like badges you display on your website to show your affection for something, or to display information regarding your cultural, social, political or technical leanings.

To add a WordPress button to your site showing support for the WordPress Community:

Contributing to WordPress, Show you Care

For more buttons, see:

How do I get WordPress to generate links to the thumbnail of an uploaded picture?

See:

How can I use a custom image for my list bullets?

See:

How do I rotate/cycle/randomize the image in the header of the site?

See:

Designing Headers, Rotating Header Images

How do I link to my own images?

You can use absolute or relative URI/URLs addresses.

To use a relative link, set the address from the root folder of your site by using a slash in front of the folder in the root directory.

<img src="/images/balloons/image.jpg" alt="balloons" />

To use an absolute link:

<img src="http://www.example.com/images/balloons/image.jpg" alt="balloons" />

How can I display images in my category and archive pages?

For current versions of WordPress, see Post Thumbnails.

When using the default theme, you'll notice images (and links) do not appear when visiting category and archive query pages. This has to do with how the default theme displays post content in those sections of your site. To change this behavior, edit the default theme's Archive Template (archive.php). You can do this online through the Theme Editor, or offline by downloading and opening the default theme's archive.php in any text editor. Once in the Archive Template, look for this section:

<div class="entry">
    <?php the_excerpt() ?>
</div>

Here, change the_excerpt() template tag, which displays a summary of a post's content while filtering out all HTML tags. To display each post's whole content (and HTML tags), use the_content() template tag:

<div class="entry">
   <?php the_content(); ?>
</div>

From 2.9, you can also make use of the_post_thumbnail() template tag.

Where can I find more information on images, Photosites, and photo galleries?

See:

Template Tags

How do I change the time stamp for each post from an AM/PM mode to a 24 hour mode?

You set the Default Time Format for your site via the Administration > Settings > General under the Date and Time section.

How can I have the date/time displayed on every entry I make?

To put the date and time on every post title on your site, you may have to change more than one template file. They may include index.php, single.php, category.php, and archives.php.

From among the various template files, find all references to the title of your post like this (your Theme version may be slightly different):

<h2>
<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" 
title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title(); ?>">
<?php the_title(); ?></a>
</h2>
<small>
<?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?> by <?php the_author() ?>
</small>

Rearrange it so the time information goes in front (or in back) of your Post Title:

<h2>
<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" 
title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title(); ?>">
<?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?> - <?php the_title(); ?></a>
</h2>
<small>
by <?php the_author() ?>
</small>

How do I change the "Permanent Link to" in my Title link?

The title of your links includes text that explains what the link is to, in concordance with web accessibility standards. By default, your title may look like this example, which uses the title attribute with the words "Permanent Link to" and the template tag that displays the title of the post.

<h2>
<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" 
title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title(); ?>">
<?php the_title(); ?></a>
</h2>

To change the "Permanent Link to" text, simply delete it and replace it with your own words:

<h2>
<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" 
title="Post about <?php the_title(); ?>">
<?php the_title(); ?></a>
</h2>

Or remove it completely, leaving only the title tag.

<h2>
<a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" 
title="<?php the_title(); ?>">
<?php the_title(); ?></a>
</h2>

How do I make my categories appear in a drop down list ?

In some cases it may be necessary to change sidebar.php.

Find this line in the theme:

<?php wp_list_categories('show_count=1&title_li=<h2>Categories</h2>'); ?>

and replace it with this line instead:

<h2>Categories</h2>
<form action="<?php bloginfo('url'); ?>" method="get">
<?php wp_dropdown_categories('show_count=1&hierarchical=1'); ?>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="view" />
</form>

How do I exclude one or more categories from being listed in the list of categories?

Use the following function to list your categories but exclude category 1:

<?php wp_list_categories('exclude=1'); ?>

Of course, change the 1 to the ID of the category you want to exclude.

To exclude multiple categories, use this:

<?php wp_list_categories('exclude=1, 2'); ?>

Change 1 and 2 to the categories you want excluded. You can exclude more of them by adding their IDs separated by commas.

How do I hide posts belonging to a certain category on the front page index.php?

If you need to hide (exclude) posts belonging to a certain category from displaying on the front page, you can place code that does the exclusion inside The Loop of your theme's index.php file.

The Loop starts something like this:

<?php if (have_posts()) : while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>

To exclude category 4 from the front page, just inside The Loop, add this condition :

<?php if ( !(in_category('4')) || !is_home() ) { ?>
<!-- Output the post here -->

The Loop ends something like this:

<?php endwhile; ?>

Just before that line, add this:

<?php } ?>

In the end, it will look like:

<?php if (have_posts()) : while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>
<?php if ( !(in_category('4')) || !is_home() ) { ?>

<!-- Output the post here -->

<?php } ?>
<?php endwhile; ?>

This means that if on the front page, the post will be presented if it's not in category 4. On pages other than the front ( home ) page, all posts are presented.

How do I make my Archives appear in a drop-down list?

Put this code into your index.php where you wish the item to appear:

<li id="archives">Archives:
<ul>
<li><form name="archiveform" action="">
<select name="archive_chrono" onchange="window.location =
  (document.forms.archiveform.archive_chrono[document.forms.archiveform.archive_chrono.selectedIndex].value);">
<option value=''>By Month</option>
< ?php get_archives('','','option', 1); ?>
</></select>
</form>
</li>
</ul></li>

How do I get rid of the "No Comments" message displayed with every post?

If you do not allow comments on your site you may want to get rid of the "No Comments" (or Comments are off) message displayed with each post.

If you are using the WordPress Default theme you would delete the following code from wp-content/themes/default/index.php

<?php comments_popup_link('No Comments »', '1 Comment »', '% Comments »'); ?>

Note that if you use a different theme the information to delete may be slightly different.

Templates

Why can I see only n posts on the site, where are the other entries?

Make sure that you have the correct settings in the Show at most posts or days fields in the Administration > Settings > Reading Panel.

If you are not seeing all your entries and you modified the default index.php, make sure you have an equal number of opening and closing tags, and that they are in the right places.

How do I create an archives page, with all the entries sortable by different methods?

Creating an Archive Index shows you how to use WordPress template tags to create a custom archive Page for your WordPress site. There are WordPress Plugins that will also help create customized archive pages.

What do the __() and _e() functions in WordPress do?

In the simplest of terms, they "print" what you tell them to do. They are abbreviations for the PHP term "echo" which displays text. In WordPress, they are used to identify strings in the php files marked for translation to other languages, and localization using two "tags" which are actually functions. They are:

__()
_e()

These accept a string as an argument. For example:

__("Translate Me")
_e("Translate Me")

The only functional difference between the two methods is that _e() echoes the string and __() simply returns the string. __() is used when you want to supply a string to a function. _e() is used when you want to output the string as part of your XHTML.

We have a tool which goes through all of the php files, extracting strings that are marked by __() and _e().

How to easily display links to both Pages and Categories in the blog navigation header?

This discussion assumes your current navigation is (or will be) using the Template Tag, wp_list_pages(), to display links to your Pages. The trick to displaying both Pages and Categories in a site navigation header is to make the Categories accessible via a Page.

To display a link to your News Category along with the other Pages in your navigation header, install a Plugin such as Page Links To, then create a Page called News, then in the Page Links To module, in the "Point to this URL:" field, enter the URL for the News category. Note: to determine the URL for the News Category, just visit that Category in your site and copy the URL in your browser address bar.

If you want the Pages in your navigation to appear in a particular order, use the Order field, in the Attributes module when you edit your Page and set that correctly for each Page, then with wp_list_pages(), use the 'sort_column=menu_order' parameter.

You can find other plugins with similar solution at "Redirect" plugins on the Plugins Directory

How to display posts in a Page?

There's several ways to do display posts in a Page. The simplest way is described in the FAQ: How can I have a static front page and posts display on a page called Blog?

A more complex method is to first create a Page Template with a query, and a loop, that retrieve and display the posts. Then via Administration > Pages > Add New, add a new Page with that Page Template designated in the Template field. Here's an example developed using the WordPress Default theme:

1. Create a file called wp-content/themes/default/pageofposts.php that has this code:

<?php
/*
Template Name: PageOfPosts
*/

get_header(); ?>

	<div id="content" class="narrowcolumn">

<?php
$showposts = -1; // -1 shows all posts
$do_not_show_stickies = 1; // 0 to show stickies
   $args=array(
   'showposts' => $showposts,
   'caller_get_posts' => $do_not_show_stickies,
   );
$my_query = new WP_Query($args); 

?>

	<?php if( $my_query->have_posts() ) : ?>

		<?php while ($my_query->have_posts()) : $my_query->the_post(); ?>
			<?php
			//necessary to show the tags 
			global $wp_query;
			$wp_query->in_the_loop = true;
			?>
			<div <?php post_class() ?> id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>">
				<h2><a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title_attribute(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
				<small><?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?> <!-- by <?php the_author() ?> --></small>

				<div class="entry">
					<?php the_content('Read the rest of this entry »'); ?>
				</div>

				<p class="postmetadata"><?php the_tags('Tags: ', ', ', '<br />'); ?> Posted in <?php the_category(', ') ?> | <?php edit_post_link('Edit', '', ' | '); ?>  <?php comments_popup_link('No Comments »', '1 Comment »', '% Comments »'); ?></p>
			</div>

		<?php endwhile; ?>

		<div class="navigation">
			<div class="alignleft"><?php next_posts_link('« Older Entries') ?></div>
			<div class="alignright"><?php previous_posts_link('Newer Entries »') ?></div>
		</div>

	<?php else : ?>

		<h2 class="center">Not Found</h2>
		<p class="center">Sorry, but you are looking for something that isn't here.</p>
		<?php get_search_form(); ?>

	<?php endif; ?>

	</div>

<?php get_sidebar(); ?>

<?php get_footer(); ?>

2. In Administration > Pages > Add New, create a new Page, title the Page whatever you want, and in the Template field select PageOfPosts.
3. That's it, now visit that Page on your site and you should see your posts.

How to delete duplicate navigation bar references to Home?

If your theme displays Pages for navigation, and there is more than one instance of Home in the navigation bar, here's several ways to fix that. Typically the duplicate problem occurs after someone has created a Page called Home.

Many theme authors 'hard-code' a reference to Home in the theme's header.php and use template tag, wp_list_pages, to display all the other Pages. But, if you've created a Page called Home, that likely causes the duplicate navigation item.

To delete the duplication, you would edit your theme's header.php and:

Find and delete the hard-coded reference to Home.
Or, use the exclude=x argument with wp_list_pages() and replace the x with the Page ID of your Home Page.

How to get rid of encoding in a theme's footer?

Some theme authors embed links in an encoded footer making it difficult to understand what is happening in the footer. Note: this type of encoded content could be malicious as well as just a copyright banner!

The best course of action is to avoid using encrypted themes entirely. There are a large number of free themes available without such potentially malicious code in them.

Nevertheless, here's a method to decode (figure out) and correct the footer so there is no encoding.

In your index.php find the line that says <?php get_footer(); ?>. Above and below it add marker text like this:

<!-- Evil Footer Devil FOUND -->
<?php get_footer(); ?>
<!-- Evil Footer Devil BEGONE -->

Now visit your site, view source (e.g. View->Page Source in Firefox), and copy the HTML between those two markers. Rename your footer.php and make a new copy of footer.php with that HTML code. Then change it to your hearts content. Remember to insert the <?php wp_footer(); ?> before </body> tag.

Keep in mind that if your theme's license does not permit this, then don't do it. If that's the case please consider finding a new theme.

Other methods

The above is useful, but only shows you the HTML output, rather than any dynamic PHP code. To see the PHP code, you might try using an online decoder.

This page will let you decode the encryption that seems most commonplace, the one that looks like $o=whatever: http://ottodestruct.com/decoder.php

That interface was based on this page, which will decode the type of encryption that starts with $_F=__FILE__: http://www.tareeinternet.com/scripts/byterun.php

Another one is here, for those that look like eval(gzinflate(base64_decode('...')));: http://www.tareeinternet.com/scripts/decrypt.php

There are also decoders available at http://cyko.decodethe.net/ and http://base64-encoder-online.waraxe.us/

Themes

Which files do I modify when I start to design my site?

See:

Working with WordPress, Site Development

How do I tell which file is making which output?

You can put e.g.,

<!-- Begin <?php echo basename(__FILE__); ?> -->
<!-- End   <?php echo basename(__FILE__); ?> -->

at the top and bottom of your files, which will be printed in the HTML output.

How do you create a screenshot.png for your Theme?

Create a screenshot image using the Print Screen button on your keyboard and pasting it into your graphics program, or use the screen capture feature found in many popular graphics programs.
Resize the image to 300x225 pixels.
Save the image as a PNG file in your Theme's folder with the name screenshot.png. WordPress looks for that file name automatically.

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